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<title>Powertrain layout</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Powertrain layout</span></span>

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</p><p>The <b>powertrain layout</b> of a motorised vehicle such as a <a href="Car" title="Car">car</a> is often defined by the location of the <a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engine</a> or <a href="Traction_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction motors">motors</a> and the <a href="Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">drive wheels</a>.

</p><p>Layouts can roughly be divided into three categories: <a href="Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> (FWD), <a href="Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> (RWD) and <a href="Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> (4WD). Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, and the location of each is dependent on the application for which the vehicle will be used.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Front-wheel-drive_layouts">Front-wheel-drive layouts </h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front-engine,_front-wheel_drive">Front-engine, front-wheel drive</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Front-engine%2C_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>The <i>front-engine, front-wheel-drive</i> layout (abbreviated as FF layout) places both the internal combustion engine and driven wheels at the front of the vehicle. This is the most common layout for cars since the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-engine,_front-wheel_drive">Mid-engine, front-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Front-engine%2C_front-wheel-drive_layout#Mid-engine_/_Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout § Mid-engine / Front-wheel drive</a></div>

<p>Some early front-wheel drive cars from the 1930s had the engine located in the middle of the car.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rear-engine,_front-wheel_drive">Rear-engine, front-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rear-engine%2C_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>A rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout is one in which the engine is between or behind the rear wheels, and drives the front wheels via a driveshaft, the complete reverse of a conventional front-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicle layout. This layout has only been used on prototype and concept cars.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rear-wheel_drive_layouts">Rear-wheel drive layouts </h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front-engine,_rear-wheel_drive">Front-engine, rear-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Front-engine%2C_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>The <i>front-engine, rear-wheel drive</i> layout (abbreviated as FR layout) is one where the engine is located at the front of the vehicle and driven wheels are located at the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century, and remains the most common layout for rear-wheel drive vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-engine,_rear-wheel_drive">Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rear_mid-engine%2C_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>The <i>mid-engine, rear-wheel drive</i> layout (abbreviated as MR layout) is one where the rear wheels are driven by an engine placed just in front of them, behind the passenger compartment. In contrast to the rear-engined RR layout, the center of mass of the engine is in front of the rear axle. This layout is typically chosen for its low moment of inertia and relatively favorable weight distribution.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rear-engine,_rear-wheel_drive">Rear-engine, rear-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rear-engine%2C_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>The <i>rear-engine, rear-wheel drive</i> layout (abbreviated as RR layout) places both the engine and drive wheels at the rear of the vehicle. In contrast to the MR layout, the center of mass of the engine is between the rear axle and the rear bumper. Although common in electric cars,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in transit buses and coaches due to the elimination of the drive shaft with low-floor bus, this layout has become increasingly rare in fossil-fuelled passenger cars. The Porsche 911 is notable for its continuous use of the RR layout since 1963.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four-wheel_drive_layouts">Four-wheel drive layouts </h2></div>

<p>Drivetrains where power can be sent to all four wheels are referred to as either four-wheel drive (4WD) or all-wheel drive (AWD).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Front-engine,_four-wheel_drive">Front-engine, four-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Front-engine%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>The <i>front-engine, four-wheel drive</i> layout (abbreviated as F4 layout) places the engine at the front of the vehicle and drives all four roadwheels. This layout is typically chosen for better control on many surfaces, and is an important part of rally racing as well as off-road driving.

</p><p>Most four-wheel-drive layouts are front-engined and are derivatives of earlier front-engine, rear-wheel-drive designs.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-engine,_four-wheel_drive">Mid-engine, four-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mid-engine%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>The <i>mid-engine, four-wheel drive</i> layout (abbreviated as M4 layout) places the engine in the middle of the vehicle, between both axles and drives all four road wheels.

</p><p>Although the term "mid-engine" can mean the engine is placed anywhere in the vehicle such that the centre of gravity of the engine lies between the front and rear axles, it is usually used for sports cars and racing cars where the engine is behind the passenger compartment. The motive output is then sent down a shaft to a differential in the centre of the car, which in the case of an M4 layout, distributes power to both front and rear axles.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rear-engine,_four-wheel_drive">Rear-engine, four-wheel drive</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rear-engine%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout</a></div>

<p>The <i>rear-engine, four-wheel drive</i> layout (abbreviated as R4) places the engine at the rear of the vehicle, and drives all four wheels.

</p><p>This layout is typically chosen to improve the traction or the handling of existing vehicle designs using the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout (RR). For example, the Porsche 911 added all-wheel drive to the existing line-up of rear-wheel drive models in 1989.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive">Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Dual-motor%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

<p>In <a href="Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">automotive design</a>, <a href="Dual-motor%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout</a> is mainly used by <a href="Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> by having two <a href="Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> that each drives the front and rear <a href="Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>, creating a <a href="Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> <a href="Car_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Car layout">layout</a>. This is made possible by the smaller size of electric motors compared to <a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> (ICEs), which in addition are also accompanied by a bulky <a href="Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">engine cooling</a> system, allowing it to be fit more versatilely into multiple locations. The use of separate motors for the front and rear <a href="Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">drive wheels</a> eliminates the need of a <a href="Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">drive shaft</a> that is ubiquitous in four-wheel drive ICE vehicles, freeing up space for bigger <a href="Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">battery modules</a>, which are commonly mounted on the <a href="Vehicle_frame" title="Vehicle frame">chassis</a> floor between the axles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The dual-motor layout is beneficial in re-distributing torque and power to maximize effective <a href="Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a> in response to road grip conditions and <a href="Weight_transfer" title="Weight transfer">weight transfer</a> in the vehicle. For example, during hard acceleration, the front motor must reduce <a href="Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> and power in order to prevent the front wheels from overspinning as weight transfers to the rear of the vehicle. The excess power is transferred to the rear motor where it can be used immediately. The opposite applies when braking, when the front motor can accept more <a href="Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> torque and power.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However dual-motor vehicles usually have less range for the same battery size than single-motor designs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, electric vehicles may be equipped with more than two electric motors to achieve greater power output and superior handling. The first mass-produced triple-motor layout was introduced on the <a href="Audi_e-tron_(2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audi e-tron (2018)">Audi e-tron</a> in 2020, which consists of one motor at the front and two motors at the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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A rare example of a non-electric vehicle utilizing this layout is the <a href="Citro%C3%ABn_2CV#"Sahara"_four-wheel_drive" title="Citroën 2CV">Citroën 2CV Sahara</a>, which has two <a href="Flat-twin_engine" title="Flat-twin engine">flat-twin</a> <a href="Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Automobile handling</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle_category" title="Vehicle category">Vehicle category</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Car_design560" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li>

<li><a href="Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li>

<li><a href="B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandrail" title="Sandrail">Sandrail</a></li>

<li><a href="T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li>

<li><a href="Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li>

<li><a href="Crossover_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li>

<li><a href="Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li>

<li><a href="S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li>

<li><a href="Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li>

<li><a href="Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li>

<li><a href="Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li>

<li><a href="Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li>

<li><a href="Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li>

<li><a href="Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li>

<li><a href="Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li>

<li><a href="Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li>

<li><a href="Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li>

<li><a href="Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li>

<li><a href="Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li>

<li><a href="Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li>

<li><a href="Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li>

<li><a href="Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li>

<li><a href="Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li>

<li><a href="Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li>

<li><a href="Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li>

<li><a href="Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li>

<li><a href="Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li>

<li><a href="Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li>

<li><a href="Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li>

<li><a href="Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li>

<li><a href="Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li>

<li><a href="Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li>

<li><a href="Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized<br>vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li>

<li><a href="Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dune_buggy" title="Dune buggy">Dune buggy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li>

<li><a href="Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li>

<li><a href="Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Propulsion#Ground" title="Propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li>

<li><a href="Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts">Rear-wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <br><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Front-engine%2C_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Front-mid-engine%2C_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Rear-engine%2C_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Front-engine%2C_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Front-engine%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Mid-engine%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Rear-engine%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Dual-motor%2C_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li>

<li> <a href="Individual_wheel_drive" title="Individual wheel drive">Individual wheel drive</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br><span class="nobold">(<a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3ACars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li>

<li>Category</li>

<li>Template:EC car classification</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-01-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Powertrain_layout&oldid=1197979439">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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